Iindaba

Kukho iibhetri ezininzi kunye neeteknoloji zokutshaja ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa utshintshela kwi-electromobility kwimigodi engaphantsi komhlaba.

Iimoto zemigodi ezisebenza ngebhetri zikulungele ngokufanelekileyo ukomba ophantsi komhlaba.Ngenxa yokuba zingakhuphi iigesi ezikhupha umoya, zinciphisa iimfuneko zokupholisa nezokuphuma komoya, zinciphisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse (GHG) kunye neendleko zokuyigcina, kwaye ziphucula iimeko zokusebenza.

Phantse zonke izixhobo zomgodi ophantsi komhlaba namhlanje zisebenza ngedizili kwaye idala umsi ophumayo.Oku kuqhuba imfuneko yeenkqubo zokungenisa umoya ezibanzi ukugcina ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi.Ngaphezu koko, njengoko abaqhubi bemigodi banamhlanje begrumba nzulu kangange-4 km (13,123.4 ft.) ukufikelela kwiidiphozithi zentsimbi ekrwada, ezi nkqubo ziba nkulu ngokugqithisileyo.Loo nto ibenza ukuba kube yindleko enkulu ukuyifaka kunye nokusebenza kunye nokulamba amandla.

Ngexesha elifanayo, imarike iyatshintsha.Oorhulumente babeka iithagethi zokusingqongileyo kwaye abathengi bayanda ukuhlawula i-premium kwiimveliso zokugqibela ezingabonisa i-carbon footprint ephantsi.Oko kudala umdla ngakumbi kwimigodi yokukhupha ikhabhoni.

Oomatshini bokulayishwa, ukuthuthwa, kunye nokulahla (LHD) lelona thuba libalaseleyo lokwenza oku.Bamele malunga ne-80% yemfuno yamandla kwimigodi ephantsi komhlaba njengoko behambisa abantu kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza emgodini.

Ukutshintshela kwiimoto ezisebenza ngebhetri kunokwenza imigodi yasemigodini ikhuphe ikhabhoni kwaye yenze lula iinkqubo zokuphefumla.

Oku kufuna iibhetri ezinamandla aphezulu kunye nexesha elide - umsebenzi owawungaphaya kwamandla obuchwepheshe bangaphambili.Nangona kunjalo, uphando kunye nophuhliso kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo yenze uhlobo olutsha lweebhetri ze-lithium-ion (Li-ion) ezinomgangatho ochanekileyo wokusebenza, ukhuseleko, ukufikeleleka kunye nokuthembeka.

Ulindelo lweminyaka emihlanu

Xa abaqhubi bethenga oomatshini be-LHD, balindele ubomi beminyaka emi-5 kakhulu ngenxa yeemeko ezinzima.Oomatshini kufuneka bathuthe imithwalo enzima iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku kwiimeko ezingalinganiyo kunye nokufuma, uthuli kunye namatye, ukothuka komatshini kunye nokungcangcazela.

Xa kuziwa kumandla, abaqhubi bafuna iinkqubo zebhetri ezihambelana nobomi bomatshini.Iibhetri nazo kufuneka zimelane nokutshaja rhoqo kunye nokunzulu kunye nemijikelo yokukhupha.Kwakhona kufuneka babe nako ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza ukwandisa ukufumaneka kwesithuthi.Oku kuthetha iiyure ezi-4 zenkonzo ngexesha, ezihambelana nepateni yeshifu yesiqingatha sosuku.

Ukutshintsha ibhetri ngokuchasene nokutshaja ngokukhawuleza

Ukutshintsha ibhetri kunye nokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kuye kwavela njengeendlela ezimbini zokufezekisa oku.Ukutshintsha ibhetri kufuna iiseti ezimbini ezifanayo zeebhetri - enye inika amandla isithuthi kunye nenye ehlawulelwayo.Emva kokutshintsha kweeyure ezi-4, ibhetri echithiweyo ithathelwa indawo entsha.

Inzuzo yeyokuba oku akufuni ukutshajiswa kwamandla aphezulu kwaye kunokuxhaswa ngokwesiseko sombane esikhoyo somgodi.Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho lufuna ukuphakanyiswa kunye nokuphathwa, okudala umsebenzi owongezelelweyo.

Enye indlela kukusebenzisa ibhetri enye ekwaziyo ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwemizuzu eli-10 ngexesha lokunqumama, ikhefu kunye notshintsho.Oku kuphelisa isidingo sokutshintsha iibhetri, ukwenza ubomi bube lula.

Nangona kunjalo, ukutshaja okukhawulezayo kuxhomekeke kuqhagamshelo lwegridi yamandla aphezulu kwaye abasebenzi basezimayini banokufuna ukuphuculwa kwezibonelelo zabo zombane okanye bafakele ugcino lwamandla ecaleni kwendlela, ngakumbi kwiinqwelo ezinkulu ezifuna ukutshaja ngaxeshanye.

I-Li-ion chemistry yokutshintsha ibhetri

Ukukhetha phakathi kokutshintsha kunye nokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kuyazisa ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwekhemistri yebhetri emayisetyenziswe.

I-Li-ion ligama le-ambrela elibandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lwe-electrochemistries.Ezi zinokusetyenziswa ngabanye okanye zixutywe ukuhambisa ubomi bomjikelezo ofunekayo, ubomi bekhalenda, ubuninzi bamandla, ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokhuseleko.

Uninzi lweebhetri ze-Li-ion zenziwe ngegraphite njenge-electrode engalunganga kwaye zinezixhobo ezahlukeneyo njenge-electrode efanelekileyo, njenge-lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC), i-lithium nickel-cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA) kunye ne-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) ).

Kwezi, i-NMC kunye ne-LFP zombini zibonelela ngomxholo wamandla olungileyo kunye nokusebenza okwaneleyo kokutshaja.Oku kwenza nokuba enye yezi ilungele ukutshintsha ibhetri.

Ikhemistri entsha yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza

Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza, enye indlela ekhangayo iye yavela.Le yi-lithium titanate oxide (LTO), ene-electrode efanelekileyo eyenziwe kwi-NMC.Endaweni yegraphite, i-electrode yayo engalunganga isekwe kwi-LTO.

Oku kunika iibhetri ze-LTO iprofayile yokusebenza eyahlukileyo.Banokwamkela ukutshaja kwamandla aphezulu kakhulu ukuze ixesha lokutshaja libe lincinci njengemizuzu eli-10.Banokuxhasa amaxesha amathathu ukuya kahlanu ngaphezulu kwentlawulo kunye nokukhupha imijikelo kunezinye iindidi ze-Li-ion chemistry.Oku kuguqulela kubomi bekhalenda obude.

Ukongeza, i-LTO inokhuseleko oluphezulu kakhulu lwendalo njengoko inokumelana nokusetyenziswa kakubi kombane njengokukhupha nzulu okanye iisekethe ezimfutshane, kunye nomonakalo womatshini.

Ulawulo lwebhetri

Enye into ebalulekileyo yoyilo lwee-OEM kukubeka iliso kunye nolawulo lwe-elektroniki.Kufuneka badibanise isithuthi kunye nenkqubo yokulawula ibhetri (BMS) elawula ukusebenza ngelixa ikhusela ukhuseleko kuyo yonke inkqubo.

I-BMS elungileyo iya kulawula ukuhlawuliswa kunye nokukhutshwa kweeseli zomntu ngamnye ukugcina ubushushu obuqhubekayo.Oku kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okufanayo kunye nokwandisa ubomi bebhetri.Iza kubonelela ngempendulo kwimeko yentlawulo (SOC) kunye nemeko yezempilo (SOH).Ezi zizibonakaliso ezibalulekileyo zobomi bebhetri, kunye ne-SOC ebonisa ukuba umqhubi unokuqhuba ixesha elingakanani isithuthi ngexesha lokutshintsha, kwaye i-SOH ibe sisalathisi sobomi bekhalenda eseleyo.

Ukuplaga kunye nokudlala isakhono

Xa kuziwa ekuchazeni iinkqubo zebhetri kwizithuthi, kwenza ingqiqo kakhulu ukusebenzisa iimodyuli.Oku kuthelekisa kunye nenye indlela yokucela abavelisi beebhetri ukuba baphuhlise iinkqubo zebhetri ezenzelwe isithuthi ngasinye.

Inzuzo enkulu yendlela yemodyuli kukuba ii-OEMs zinokuphuhlisa iqonga elisisiseko lezithuthi ezininzi.Banokongeza ke iimodyuli zebhetri kuthotho ukwakha imitya ehambisa amandla ombane afunekayo kwimodeli nganye.Oku kulawula imveliso yamandla.Emva koko banokudibanisa le mitya ngokuhambelanayo ukwakha amandla okugcina amandla afunekayo kunye nokubonelela ubude obufunekayo.

Imithwalo enzima edlalwa kwimigodi ephantsi komhlaba ithetha ukuba izithuthi kufuneka zinike amandla aphezulu.Oko kubiza iinkqubo zebhetri ezilinganiswe kwi-650-850V.Ngelixa ukunyusa amandla ombane aphezulu kuya kubonelela ngamandla aphezulu, kuya kukhokelela kwiindleko eziphezulu zenkqubo, ke kukholelwa ukuba iinkqubo ziya kuhlala zingaphantsi kwe-1,000V kwikamva elibonakalayo.

Ukufezekisa iiyure ezi-4 zomsebenzi oqhubekayo, abaqulunqi bajonge amandla okugcina amandla angama-200-250 kWh, nangona abanye baya kufuna i-300 kWh okanye ngaphezulu.

Le ndlela yemodyuli inceda ii-OEMs ukulawula iindleko zophuhliso kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokuthengisa ngokunciphisa imfuno yovavanyo lohlobo.Ukuqwalasela oku, i-Saft yavelisa isisombululo sebhetri yeplagi kunye ne-play ekhoyo kuzo zombini i-NMC kunye ne-LTO electrochemistries.

Uthelekiso olusebenzayo

Ukuziva ukuba iimodyuli zithelekisa njani, kufanelekile ukujonga iimeko ezimbini ezizezinye zemoto ye-LHD eqhelekileyo esekwe kukutshintsha kwebhetri kunye nokutshaja ngokukhawuleza.Kuzo zombini iimeko, isithuthi silinganisa iitoni ezingama-45 ezingalayishwanga kunye neetoni ezingama-60 zilayishwe ngokupheleleyo ngomthamo womthwalo we-6-8 m3 (7.8-10.5 yd3).Ukwenza uthelekiso olufana nokufana, iSaft ibonakele iibhetri ezinobunzima obufanayo (iitoni ezi-3.5) kunye nomthamo (4 m3 [5.2 yd3]).

Kwimeko yokutshintsha ibhetri, ibhetri inokusekelwe kwi-NMC okanye kwi-LFP chemistry kwaye iya kuxhasa i-6 yeyure ye-LHD yokutshintsha ukusuka kubukhulu kunye nemvulophu yobunzima.Iibhetri ezimbini, ezilinganiswe kwi-650V kunye ne-400 Ah umthamo, ziya kufuna intlawulo yeeyure ze-3 xa utshintshwa kwisithuthi.Ngamnye uya kuhlala imijikelo engama-2,500 kubomi bekhalenda bubonke beminyaka emi-3-5.

Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza, ibhetri enye ye-LTO ekwibhodi enemilinganiselo efanayo iya kulinganiswa kwi-800V kunye ne-250 Ah umthamo, ukuhambisa iiyure ze-3 zokusebenza kunye ne-15 yemizuzu ye-15 yentlawulo ekhawulezayo.Ngenxa yokuba ikhemistri inokumelana nemijikelo emininzi ngakumbi, iya kuzisa imijikelo engama-20,000, kunye nobomi obulindelekileyo bekhalenda yeminyaka emi-5-7.

Kwilizwe lokwenyani, umyili wesithuthi unokusebenzisa le ndlela ukuhlangabezana nezinto ezikhethwa ngumthengi.Umzekelo, ukwandisa ubude bexesha lokutshintsha ngokunyusa umthamo wokugcina amandla.

Uyilo oluguquguqukayo

Ekugqibeleni, iya kuba ngabasebenzi basezimayini abakhethayo ukuba bakhetha ukutshintsha ibhetri okanye ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza.Kwaye ukhetho lwabo lunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kumandla ombane kunye nendawo ekhoyo kwindawo nganye yazo.

Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba abavelisi be-LHD bababonelele ngokuguquguquka kokukhetha.